{
  "issue_key": "vol06-no1-2018",
  "volume": 6,
  "number": 1,
  "season": "Autumn 2018",
  "year": 2018,
  "sequence": 8,
  "type": "research-article",
  "section": "Research Article",
  "title": "Using twin lenses from psychodynamic and sociocultural theories to investigate what facilitates learning on psychodynamic psychotherapeutic courses",
  "subtitle": null,
  "slug": "using-twin-lenses-from-psychodynamic-and-sociocultural-theories-to-investigate",
  "corporate_author": null,
  "authors": [
    {
      "given_name": "Nick R",
      "family_name": "Papé",
      "credentials": "PhD",
      "affiliation": "London Churchill College",
      "email": null,
      "orcid": null,
      "is_corresponding": false,
      "sequence": 1
    }
  ],
  "abstract": "This paper arises from recognition that the psychodynamic approach to psychotherapy has no intrinsic theory of learning and teaching. Research has demonstrated how the introduction of Vygotskyian socio-constructivism psychodynamic ideas, as the second of twin research lenses, can be applied in many diverse and radical ways. The author also shows how such an approach can be challenging both for students and teachers. In writing this paper, the author disagrees with those theorists who want to isolate psychotherapy from education, asserting as they do that ‘educational therapy’ involves a somehow lesser notion of the subject, that it does not warrant a theory of learning. Instead, suggested is that entering the margins between therapeutic and educational processes can be deeply rewarding as well as empowering for teachers, researchers and students alike. The originality of this research lies in its use of elements of the two paradigms to create lenses in an innovative way. A sociocultural constructivist framework has been used through which to understand psychodynamic psychotherapeutic learning and training.",
  "keywords": [
    "Constructivist",
    "Psychodynamic",
    "Twin Lens",
    "Synthesis",
    "Two Paradigms",
    "Learning Theory"
  ],
  "first_page": 28,
  "last_page": 56,
  "pdf_start": 29,
  "pdf_end": 57,
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  "notes": [
    "¹ Shown as ZPD throughout this paper",
    "² Heidegger’s focus was on ‘Dasein’, which is translated ‘the situated meaning of a human in the world’ (Laverty, 2006)",
    "³ The relationship between therapist and client is theoretically widely explored in the psychodynamic approach. We know about the crucial effects of this relationship for the development of the therapeutic process. These effects are mainly described by the terms ‘transference’ (phenomenon of projections of the client onto the therapist).",
    "⁴ ‘…What are transferences? They are new editions or facsimiles of the impulses and phantasies which are aroused during the progress of the analysis; but they have this peculiarity…that they replace some earlier person by the person of the physician [therapist]…’ (Freud, 1905).",
    "⁵ ‘…Every beginner in psycho-analysis probably feels alarmed at first at the difficulties in store for him. When the time comes, however, he soon learns to look upon these difficulties as insignificant…’ (Freud, 1915:37).",
    "⁶ Carl Rogers (2004) proposed the six core conditions of the person-centred approach which include congruence (genuineness), unconditional positive regard and empathy (Basch, 1983); some might consider these three core conditions have been hijacked by the psychodynamic and other approaches to psychotherapy.",
    "⁷ Traditionally, the principles underlying psychodynamic psychotherapy are presented as derivations of the ideas of the psychoanalytic school founded by Sigmund Freud, a doctor, neurologist and psychoanalyst. Current psychodynamic psychotherapy draws from a considerably wider and developed range of theoretical influences.",
    "⁸ This reference to environment can be considered as having resonance with the sociocultural theories of Vygotsky",
    "⁹ ‘The id is an impersonal, chaotic inferno of primitive drives, and dynamically repressed material which constantly agitates for expression. It goads the ego with pain and seduces it with pleasure’ (Badcock, 1988: 111).",
    "¹⁰ Freud found that many of his patients were unaware of how their egos operated to help them to function as social beings",
    "¹¹ Schore’s Right-Brain Dual Corticolimbic-Autonomic Circuits (Schore, 2013)",
    "¹² ‘…We are led to assign an essential role in the constitution of a given Oedipus complex to the other poles of this relationship, the unconscious desires of both parents, seduction and the relations between the parents, as well as to the subject and his instincts…. It is the different type of relationship between these three points of a triangle which… are destined to be internalised and to survive in the structure of the personality…’ (Laplanche & Pontalis (1973: 286).",
    "¹³ David Malan (1992) was amongst the first to tailor the psychodynamic approach to short-term work.",
    "¹⁴ Improving Access to Psychological Therapy",
    "¹⁵ CBT: Cognitive and Behavioural Therapy. Aaron Beck was particular instrumental in linking cognitions with behaviour to create CBT.",
    "¹⁶ The unlearning process for students on psychotherapy courses can be anxiety- provoking, especially as students might have trained previously in other disciplines which required specific ways of thinking and reacting.",
    "¹⁷ Erikson (1980) proposed resolution of psychosocial tensions was the means by which humans developed period",
    "¹⁸ The defence mechanism of sublimation is described as allowing acting out of unacceptable impulses by converting these behaviours into an acceptable form. Freud believed that sublimation was a sign of maturity that allowed people to function normally in more socially acceptable ways (Kahn, 2002).",
    "¹⁹ Melanie Klein introduced the term ‘projective identification as ‘…much of the hatred against parts of the self is now directed toward the mother. This leads to a particular form of identification which establishes the prototype of an aggressive object-relation. I suggest for these processes the term ‘projective identification…’ (Klein, 1946:102).",
    "²⁰ This is the title of Michael Jacobs’ journal article (2002) in which he proposed very eloquently and pragmatically that psychotherapy training should be held in Higher Education universities, an idea originally promulgated by Freud (1956) and Kernberg (1980).",
    "²¹ See footnote 5 (use of female pronoun to identify students participating in this research)",
    "²² Vygotsky discusses narrative as being understood and representative of student world-views.",
    "²³ ‘Subjectification’ is a word originated by Foucault to describe the construction of an individual subject or how an individual turns himself into the subject (Foucault, M. (1984) *The Foucault Reader: An Introduction to Foucault's Thought*, ed. P. Rainbow, 3rd edition, London: Penguin)",
    "²⁴ Dr Tylim offers commentary on Freud’s seemingly incongruous behaviour as an analyst ‘…Freud allowed the Rat Man access to his private life, violating technical principles he was in the process of formulating. The Rat Man must have elicited a strong countertransference pull on Freud. How else can we understand Freud’s gratifying his hungry patient by inviting him to a meal? What about Freud’s financial support to the Wolf Man? Freud often disregarded his own recommendation that analysts avoid taking into treatment patients they have met before either socially or in medical settings. The analysis of his daughter Anna was certainly an unorthodox one. In the process of creating psychoanalysis, Freud took a few side trips into forbidden territory. Today’s Freudian analysts may classify these incursions as loaded with unethical potentials. How do psychoanalysts reconcile the tendency toward stretching the frame with the ethical demands of their profession? When does a humane act or a kind gesture become a crossing over or a violation of boundaries?’ (Tylim, 2004: 610).",
    "²⁵ Further evidence of Freud’s pro-bono activities is offered in literature which recognised examples of him offering free clinics to patients in Vienna (Cresci, 2010)."
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