{
  "issue_key": "vol08-no1-2020",
  "volume": 8,
  "number": 1,
  "season": "Winter / Spring 2020",
  "year": 2020,
  "sequence": 7,
  "type": "research-article",
  "section": "Research Article",
  "title": "A Critical Appraisal of Freud’s Ideas on Man and Personality",
  "subtitle": null,
  "slug": "a-critical-appraisal-of-freud-s-ideas-on-man-and-personality",
  "corporate_author": null,
  "authors": [
    {
      "given_name": "Mohd Abbas",
      "family_name": "Abdul Razak",
      "credentials": "Dr.; PhD",
      "affiliation": "Department of Fundamental & Inter-Disciplinary Studies, KIRKHS, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM)",
      "email": null,
      "orcid": null,
      "is_corresponding": false,
      "sequence": 1
    },
    {
      "given_name": "Nik Ahmad Hisham",
      "family_name": "Ismail",
      "credentials": "Dr.; PhD",
      "affiliation": "Faculty of Education, IIUM",
      "email": null,
      "orcid": null,
      "is_corresponding": false,
      "sequence": 2
    }
  ],
  "abstract": "Since ancient times, scholars in the West have shown great enthusiasm towards understanding the subject on man and personality. Driven by this zeal, there appeared a multitude of theories discussing man and his nature. Though the various concepts on man showcased by the scholars complemented one another, at times their ideas also contradicted and discredited one another. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) the founding father of psychoanalysis presented to the world a concept on man and his personality which remains controversial to the present day. In realizing the fact that Freud’s ideas have a huge impact on modern psychology and people in the West, the researchers of this study would like to revisit some of his ideas on man and personality. Upon making an exposition of his ideas, the researchers too would like to carry out an appraisal on Freud and to identify some of the underlying factors that led him towards conceptualizing a theory on man which is not only degrading to man’s position as the most intelligent of God’s creation but also an unprecedented one in the history of modern psychology.",
  "keywords": [
    "Critical Appraisal",
    "Freud",
    "Ideas",
    "Man and Personality"
  ],
  "first_page": 13,
  "last_page": 38,
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  "pdf_end": 39,
  "references": [],
  "notes": [
    "1 Charles Darwin, *Origin of Species* (New York: Oxford University Press,2008).",
    "2 Gerald Corey, *Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy* (California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1986), p.12.",
    "3 Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak, *Human Nature: A Comparative Study between Western and Islamic Psychology* (Kuala Lumpur:IIUM,1997), p.160.",
    "4 R.L.George & T.S.Cristiani, *Counseling: Theory and Practice* (Boston: Allyn and Bacon,1990),p.41.",
    "5 Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak, *Contribution of Iqbal’s Dynamic Personality Theory to Islamic Psychology: A Contrastive Analysis with Freud and Selected Mainstream Western Psychology* (Kuala Lumpur: IIUM,2011),pp.320-322.",
    "6 Roberts S. Feldman & Joel A. Feinman, *Who You Are: Personality and its Development*(New York: Franklin Watts,1992),pp.21-31",
    "7 Robert D. Nye, *Three Psychologies: Perspectives from Freud, Skinner and Rogers* (California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1986), pp.12-15.",
    "8 See Wikipedia, Id, Ego, and Super-ego (Retrieved: 5th March 2009), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/superego.",
    "9 Santokh Singh, *Limitations of Freud’s Psychology* (New Delhi: Munahiran Manoharlal, 1985).p.6.",
    "10 Sigmund Freud, *New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-analysis* (James Strachey,Trans.)(London:The Hogarth Press & The Institute of Psycho-analysis,1933).",
    "11 Sigmund Freud, James Strachey, Anna Freud, *The Essentials of Psycho Analysis* (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1986), p.498.",
    "12 Sigmund Freud & Peter Gay, *The Ego and the Id* (London: W.W. Norton & Company Inc.1989a), pp.17-20, Michael Jacobs, *Sigmund Freud* (London: Sage Publications, 1991), pp.57-62.",
    "13 Gerald Corey, Op.Cit., 1986,pp.12-13. Wikipedia, Id, Ego and Super-ego ( Retrieved: 5th March 2009, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/superego.",
    "14 Sigmund Freud, *Freud: Dictionary of Psychoanalysis* (Nandor Fodar & Frank Gaynor eds.)(New York: Philosophical Library, 1950), p.65.",
    "15 Sigmund Freud in William W. Meissner, *Freud and Psychoanalysis* (Indiana: University of Norte Dame Press, 2000), p.165.",
    "16 Sigmund Freud, Op.Cit., 1989a, p.8",
    "17 Micheal Jacobs, Op. Cit., 1991, pp.57-60.",
    "18 Sigmund Freud, Op. Cit., 1989a,p.19.",
    "19 Ibid., p.19.",
    "20 Gerald Corey, Op.Cit., 1986,pp.14-16. Wikipedia, Id, Ego and Super-ego( Retrieved: 5th March 2009, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/superego.",
    "21 Sigmund Freud, *An Autobiographical Study*, (James Strachey Trans.),(London: The Hogarth Press & The Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1948),p.81.",
    "22 David Stafford Clark, *What Freud Really Said* (New York: Penguin Books,1987),pp.110-112.",
    "23 Sigmund Freud, Op. Cit., 1989a, p.32.",
    "24 Ibid., pp.30-35.",
    "25 Sigmund Freud, *The Future of An Illusion* (James Strachey, Trans.) (London: W.W. Norton & Company,1989b),pp.12-17. See Sigmund Freud & Peter Gay, *The Ego and the Id* (London: W.W. Norton & Company Inc.,1989a).",
    "26 Sigmund Freud, Op. Cit., 1989a,p.32.",
    "27 Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak, *Iqbal’s Theory of Personality: A Contrastive Analysis with Freud* (Saarbrucken:LAP Lambert Academic Publishing,2011), pp.195-206.",
    "28 See Peter L. Ashworth, *Psychology and Human Nature* (London: Psychology Press Ltd.,2000).",
    "29 Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud, James Strachey & Angela Richards, *The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud*, Vol.23. (London: Hogarth Press, 1964), p.154.",
    "30 Sigmund Freud & James Strachey, *Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis* (London: W.W. Norton & Company Inc.,1977),p.389.",
    "31 Sigmund Freud & James Strachey, *Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality* (New York: Perseus Books Group,1975),p.1.",
    "32 Gerald Corey, Op. Cit., 1986, pp.19-20.",
    "33 Sigmund Freud & James Strachey, Op. Cit., 1977, p.390.",
    "34 Ibid., p.390.",
    "35 Sigmund Freud, *The International Journal of Psycho-analysis*,Vol.21(Ernest Jones ed.) (London: Institute of Psycho-Analytical Association & Bailliere Tindall, 1940),p.66.",
    "36 See Sigmund Freud, *An Autobiographical Study*(James Strachey Trans.) (London: The Hogarth Press & The Institute of Psycho-Analysis,1948).",
    "37 Sigmund Freud in R.B. Ewen, *An Introduction to Theories of Personality* (New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publications,1993), p.42.",
    "38 Muhammad Qutb, *Islam and the Modern Materialistic Thought* (Delhi: Hindustan Publications,1985),pp.29-30.",
    "39 Sigmund Freud, Op. Cit., 1948, p.110.",
    "40 See Robert M. Liebert & Micheal D. Spiegler, *Personality Strategies and Issues*(California: Brooks/Cole Publications Co.,1990).",
    "41 Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak, Op. Cit., 1997, pp.161-162",
    "42 See Ben Edward Arkerley, *The X-rated Bible: An Irreverent survey of sex in the scriptures*(Los Angeles: Feral House,1999).See Ana-Maria Rizzuto, *Why did Freud Reject God?*(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press,1998).",
    "43 See G.M. Karim, *The Islamisation of Psychology*, paper presented at the Third International Seminar on Islamic Thought, Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islam, 26-31th July,1984. See Morton Hunt, *The Story of Psychology* (New York: Anchor Books,1994).",
    "44 Sigmund Freud, *Writings on Art and Literature* (Palo Alto, CA: Standford University Press,1997),p.xii.",
    "45 Sigmund Freud & Peter Gay, *The Freud Reader* (New York: W.W. Norton & Company,1995),p.113.",
    "46 See Richard Webster, *Freud* (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,2003).",
    "47 Malik Babikar Badri, The AIDS Dilemma: A Progeny of Modernity in Sharifah Shifah(ed). *Islam and Challenges of Modernity* (pp.123-210) (Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization,1996)."
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