{
  "issue_key": "vol08-no1-2020",
  "volume": 8,
  "number": 1,
  "season": "Winter / Spring 2020",
  "year": 2020,
  "sequence": 10,
  "type": "research-article",
  "section": "Research Article",
  "title": "The Syrian Identity (3): The Rise of Syrianism through Islamism, Globilisation and Colonisation in the Middle East Diaspora",
  "subtitle": null,
  "slug": "the-syrian-identity-3-the-rise-of-syrianism-through-islamism-globilisation-and",
  "corporate_author": null,
  "authors": [
    {
      "given_name": "Isabel",
      "family_name": "Morrell",
      "credentials": "PhD Candidate",
      "affiliation": "University of Manchester",
      "email": "isabel.morrell@hotmail.co.uk",
      "orcid": null,
      "is_corresponding": true,
      "sequence": 1
    },
    {
      "given_name": "Nick",
      "family_name": "Papé",
      "credentials": "PhD",
      "affiliation": "London Churchill College",
      "email": null,
      "orcid": null,
      "is_corresponding": false,
      "sequence": 2
    }
  ],
  "abstract": "The current identity crisis refers to the currently unstable competing components of Arabism, Syrianism and Islamism. In this article we explore Syrianism and its increased prominence since the beginning of the Syrian civil war by formulating two arguments (1) we argue that Syrianism is used within the rhetoric of both Assad and the opposition and (2) that the foundations of contemporary Syrianism were formed through the French Mandate’s creation of the Syrian state. We consider Assad’s altered rhetoric, followed by the Syrian opposition’s turn towards Syrianism. We then proceed to evaluate the role of colonialism in the creation of present-day Syrianism.",
  "keywords": [
    "Syrianism",
    "Colonialism",
    "Islamism",
    "Globalisation",
    "Othering"
  ],
  "first_page": 48,
  "last_page": 62,
  "pdf_start": 49,
  "pdf_end": 63,
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  ],
  "notes": [
    "49 Main author. Correspondence to: isabel.morrell@hotmail.co.uk",
    "50 Principal, London Churchill College",
    "51 Morrell (2018)",
    "52 The Arab League is made up of the following 22 members: “Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Palestine, Qatar, Syria (suspended), Oman, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia and Yemen” (Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, n.d.)",
    "53 Modern Standard Arabic has been promoted in formal streams including, education and the news by the Syrian regime (Abdelmoula, 2015; Versteegh, 2014; Abuhamdia, 2016; Hudson, 2014).",
    "54 Four of these conferences took place in 2012 (Lund, 2017; US Department of State, 2012; Carnegie Middle East Center, 2012b; Gov.uk, 2012; ReliefWeb, 2012).",
    "55 The banner translated read: “if we are Christians, we have been Christians for more than 2000 years; if we are Muslims, we have been Muslims for more than 1400 years, but we have been Syrians for more than 10,000 years” (Barshouni, 2012; Rifai, 2014).",
    "56 From moderate to radical respectively, Sunni groups include: Sufi, Salafi, Salafi-Jihadi (Rifai, 2014).",
    "57 Here is reference to the 143 inspired and conducted attacks across 29 countries that have killed 2,043 between 2014 and 2017 (Liser, *et al.*, 2017).",
    "58 The first colonial venture was the French desire to spread Christianity in the 1860s and secondly, during the French mandate, the French established Catholic activity in Greater Syria, including missionary schools, “to indoctrinate pupils with French language and culture” as part of the French “civilising mission” (Calderhead, 2016; Fieldhouse, 2006)",
    "59 I refer to Said’s (2003) understanding of Orientalist behaviour, a behaviour that exhibits a constructed distortion of those in the Orient by those in the West. The Orient itself is a European construct, an undefined geographical location in the East, based on the Western experience of colonisation and of cultural and linguistic difference; it is the “deepest and most recurring” Other (Said, 2003: 1).",
    "60 Globalisation is understood as the greater integration of world markets (Gilpin, 2001)",
    "61 *Gharbzadegi* is a term coined by Ahmad (1984) which was used to refer to the discontent created through the spread of Western values, translated as ‘Westoxification’ or the ‘plague from the West’.",
    "62 The term ‘logic of no alternative’ is used to refer to the phrase popularised by Hay and Watson (2003) meaning a rhetoric of a necessity and imperative"
  ],
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  "manifest_notes": "Part 3 of a three-part series. 'Globilisation' is a typo printed on the article page AND in both Contents pages - kept verbatim; correct spelling would be 'Globalisation'. Byline: 'Isabel Morrell49, PhD Candidate and Nick Papé50, PhD' - footnote 49: 'Main author. Correspondence to: isabel.morrell@hotmail.co.uk'; footnote 50: 'Principal, London Churchill College'. Isabel Morrell's affiliation from Contributors ('currently a full-time PhD student at the University of Manchester'). 'Key words:' line italic. Footnotes 49-62 (8pt). Title starts lower than usual (y94). References from p.58 to p.63 (two columns, 10pt, hanging).",
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